They primarily play defensive roles such as acting as membrane-active antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral agents ( Tam et al., 2015 Dhama et al., 2018). Plants produced are short AMPs with a molecular mass less than 10 kDa structurally, these are amphipathic and generally positively charged molecules at physiologically neutral pH values. Plants are a source of bioactive compounds with various properties that are applicable in agriculture and medicine. In the majority of cases, the mode of action of AMPs is related to the cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization. AMPs involved in these processes typically have a broad-spectrum activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and even certain viruses ( Coates et al., 2018 Mookherjee et al., 2020). Innate immunity is a defensive response in all multicellular organisms to combat pathogens. This suggests that PN5 can serve as an alternative therapeutic agent to be used in the food industry.Īntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important element in the innate immune system ranging from bacteria to plants, mammals, and insects ( Hancock et al., 2016 Haney et al., 2019 Sathoff and Samac, 2019). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the PN5 was identified using Edman degradation and Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) homology analysis showed that it was not identical to any other plant peptide. PN peptides showed no detectable hemolytic activity or cytotoxicity at the antimicrobial concentrations. The four active pine-needle (PN) peptides showed antimicrobial activity against foodborne bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values within the range of 8–128 μg/ml. We determined and characterized the novel antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) isolated from Pinus densiflora Sieb. It contains functional components that exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Pine needles are used in several East Asian countries as food or traditional medicine.
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